Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) MSC FINAL

      Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

The Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) is the premier industrial research and development (R&D) organization in India. It was founded on 26 September 1942, by a resolution of the then Central Legislative Assembly. It is funded mainly by the India Ministry of Science and Technology and it is one of the world’s largest publicly funded (R&D) organisations, having linkages to academia, other R&D organisations and industry.

Although CSIR is mainly funded by Science and Technology Ministry, it operates as an autonomous body registered under the Registration of Societies Act of 1860.

The R & D activities of CSIR includes various fields such as aerospace engineering, Structural engineering, ocean sciences, molecular biology, metallurgy, chemicals, mining, food, petroleum, leather, and environment. The Director General of CSIR Dr. Raghunath A. Mashelkar retired in December 2006. After that Dr. M. K. Bhan had taken the additional charge, but he was relieved on March 7, 2007. After that Dr. T. Ramasami had the additional charge of director general of CSIR.

Presently Prof. Samir K. Brahmachari is the Director-General of CSIR since November 13, 2007.

CSIR Achievements

·           Achieved the first breakthrough of flowering of Bamboo within weeks as against twenty years in nature.

·           First to analyze genetic diversity of the indigenous tribes of Andaman and to establish their origin out of Africa 60,000 years ago.

·           Developed the first transgenic Drosophila model for drug screening for Human Cancer.

·           First to introduce DNA fingerprinting in India.

·           Helped India to be the first Pioneer Investor under the UN law of Sea Treaty.

·           Invented the first ever only once a week non-steroidal family planning pill in the world by the name of Saheli.

·           Designed India's first ever parallel processing computer Flosolver.

·           Partnered more than 50,000 companies with turnover ranging from Rs 5 lakhs to Rs 500,000 crores.

·           Rejuvenated India's one hundred year old refinery at Digboi using the most modern molecular distillation technology.

·           Provided the critical technology for the NMP Lube Extraction Plant of capacity of 2,50,000 tonnes per year.

·           Development of a versatile portable PC-based software 'Bio-Suite' for bioinformatics.

·           Design of 14 seater plane 'SARAS'.

·           Established first ever in the world 'Traditional Knowledge Digital Library' accessible in 8 international languages.

·           Remained in Top 3 in the list of PCT patent applications amongst all developing countries.

·           Topped list of USA patents holders.

·           Successfully challenged the grant of patent in the USA for use of haldi (turmeric) for wound healing and neem as insecticide.

Research Laboratories under CSIR

1.        C-MMACS - CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation, Bangalore

2.        CBRI - Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee

3.        CCMB- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad

4.        CDRI - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow

5.        CECRI- Central Electro Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi

6.        CEERI - Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani

7.        CFRI - Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad

8.        CFTRI - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore

9.        CGCRI - Central Glass and Ceramic research Institute, Calcutta

10.    CIMAP - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow

11.    CLRI - Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai

12.    CMERI - Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur

13.    CMRI - Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad

14.    CRRI - Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi

15.    CSIO - Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh

16.    CSMCRI - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar

17.    IGIB - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi

18.    IHBT - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur

19.    IICB - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta

20.    IICT - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad

21.    IIP - Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun

22.    IMT - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh

23.    IITR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow (Formerly known as Industrial Toxicology Research Centre)

24.    NAL - National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore

25.    NBRI - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow

26.    NCL - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune

27.    NEERI - National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur

28.    NGRI - National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad

29.    NIO - National Institute of Oceanography, Goa

30.    NISCAIR - National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, New Delhi

31.    NISTADS - National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi

32.    NML - National Mettalurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur

33.    NPL - National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi

34.    RRL, Bhopal - Regional Research Laboratory, Bhopal

35.    RRL, Bhubaneshwar - Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneshwar

36.    RRL, Jammu - Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu

37.    NEIST (RRL), Jorhat - North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat , Jorhat

38.    National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology - Thiruvananthapuram

39.    SERC, M - Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) FOR MSC FINAL

         Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)

Agriculture in India is the means of livelihood of almost two thirds of the workforce in the country. It employs nearly 62% of the country’s total population and occupies 42% of its total geographical area. From a nation dependent on food imports to feed its population, India today is not only self-sufficient in grain production, but also has a substantial reserve. The progress made by agriculture in the last four decades has been one of the biggest success stories of free India. Agriculture and allied activities constitute one of the main contributors to the Gross Domestic Product of the nation. The increase in agricultural production has been brought about by bringing additional area under cultivation, extension of irrigation facilities, the use of seed of improved high yielding varieties, better production technologies evolved through agricultural research, water management, and plant protection through judicious use of fertilizers, pesticides and cropping practices.

The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), a centenarian, is the country’s premier national Institute for agricultural research, education and extension. It has served the country by developing appropriate technologies through basic, strategic and need-based research resulting in crop improvement and agricultural productivity in harmony with the environment leading to the Green Revolution and served as a centre for academic excellence in the area of postgraduate education and human resource development in agricultural sciences.

Originally established in 1905 at Pusa (Bihar) with the financial assistance of an American Philanthropist, Mr Henry Phipps, the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) started functioning from New Delhi since 1936 when it was shifted to its present site after a major earthquake damaged the Institute’s building at Pusa (Bihar). The Institute’s popular name ‘Pusa Institute’ traces its origin to the establishment of the Institute at Pusa.

The Indian Agricultural Research Institute is the country’s premier national Institute for agricultural research, education and extension. It has the status of a ‘Deemed-to-be-University’ under the UGC Act of 1956, and awards M. Sc. and Ph. D. degrees in various agricultural disciplines.

The growth of India’s agriculture during the past 100 years is closely linked with the researches done and technologies generated by the Institute. The Green Revolution stemmed from the fields of IARI. Development of high yielding varieties of all major crops which occupy vast areas throughout the country, generation and standardization of their production techniques, integrated pest management and integrated soil-water-nutrient management have been the hallmarks of the Institute’s research. The Institute has researched and developed a large number of agrochemicals which have been patented and licensed and are being widely used in the country. Over the years, IARI has excelled as a centre of higher education and training in agricultural sciences at national and international levels.

Function

The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) is India's premier institution in the field of agricultural research, higher education in agriculture (post-graduate programme) and extension education. The primary functions of the Institute are

(i)         Basic and applied research in the various branches of agricultural sciences,

(ii)       Teaching at the post-graduate level and organisation of special short-term training programmes in several aspects of agricultural sciences, both at the national and international levels and

(iii)     Extension advisory work for improving farm productivity and socio-economic conditions of the farming community. 

Mandate

To realize the mission laid down by the Institute, i.e., to explore new frontiers of science and knowledge, to develop human resources and policy guidance to create a vibrant, responsive and resilient agriculture, the mandate of the institute is as follows:

·          To conduct basic and strategic research with a view to understanding the processes, in all their complexity, and to undertake need-based research that leads to crop improvement and sustained agricultural productivity in harmony with the environment.

·          To serve as a centre for academic excellence in the area of post-graduate education and human resources development in agricultural sciences.

·          To provide national leadership in agricultural research, extension, and technology assessment and transfer by developing new concepts and approaches and serving as a national referral point for quality and standards.

·          To develop information systems, add value to information, share the information nationally and internationally, and serve as a national agricultural library and database.

Growth

IARI is India’s premier national institute for research and higher education in agricultural sciences. The Institute received the status of a “Deemed University” in 1958 under the UGC Act of 1956 and was empowered to award M. Sc. and Ph.D. degrees. Headquartered at New Delhi, it is the largest and most prestigious of the research institutes financed and administered by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

The administrative and technical head of IARI is its Director. The Board of Management, with the Director as its chairman, served by four councils, namely, Research Advisory Council, Academic Council, Extension Council and Executive Council, provides the overall management direction. The Director is assisted by a Joint Director (Research), a Dean & Joint Director (Education) and a Joint Director (Extension) who are equivalent to the Directors of ICAR institutes, which are not deemed universities. A Joint Director (Administration) looks after the day-to-day administrative work. The Chief Finance and Accounts Officer has overall charge of the audit and accounts matters.

Centers

Presently the research, education, and extension activities of the Institute are carried out through a network of 20 discipline-based divisions, 5 multidisciplinary centers situated in Delhi, 8 regional stations, 2 off-season nurseries, 10 centres of All India Coordinated Research Projects and a common set of service units. The Institute also serves as the headquarters of 3 All India Coordinated Research Projects. In addition, some of the institutes like National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, NCIPM and Directorate of Maize Research are located in the campus.

The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) -MSC FINAL

             The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)

The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources has its Headquarters at New Delhi, located at latitude of 28° 35’ N, longitude of 70° 18’ E and an altitude of 226 m above mean sea level. NBPGR functions under the administrative control of the Crop Science Division of the ICAR. The Bureau draws guidelines from the Crop Science Division of ICAR, Bureau’s Management Committee, Research Advisory Committee and Germplasm Advisory Committees.

The Bureau has four Divisions, two units, three cells and an experimental farm at its Headquarters in New Delhi and 10 regional/ base stations located in different phyto-geographical zones of India. Besides this, a National Research Centre on DNA fingerprinting and an All India Coordinated Research Project on Under-utilized Crops are also located at the Bureau.

Plant Exploration and Collection Division has the objectives to plan, coordinate and conduct explorations for collecting germplasm. Germplasm Evaluation Division is entrusted with the prime responsibility of characterization and evaluation of all the indigenous and exotic germplasm collections for their field performance and other important traits like resistance to biotic/ abiotic stresses and phytochemical attributes along with maintenance and regeneration. This division has an experimental farm located at Issapur about 45 km from the main campus covering an area of 40 ha. Germplasm Conservation Division is vested with the task of conservation of germplasm of various crop plants, and to undertake basic research on various aspects of seed storage and longevity. Plant Quarantine Division has the power vested by Plant Protection Advisor to the Government of India, under the Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order 2003 under the Destructive Insects and Pests Act (1914), to carry out quarantine of the plant germplasm imported for research purposes. It also undertakes the quarantine of material under export and issues the phytosanitary certificate. Germplasm Exchange Unit has the responsibility of introducing genetic resources of diverse crop plants and their wild relatives and distributing the same within the country, and also exports the germplasm. There is also a Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, with the main objective to conserve economic plants, for which conventional methods of storage are unsuccessful or inadequate, through in vitro and cryopreservation techniques. In addition, the Bureau has three cells, namely PGR Policy, Agriculture Research Information System and Technical Cell.

The NRCDF has facilities for molecular fingerprinting of released varieties and genetic stocks of crop plants of India. It has the objectives of standardization of molecular marker systems for DNA profiling and their application in variety identification. The NBPGR Headquarters, along with the network of 11 regional /base/ satellite stations covering different agro-climatic regions, and the linkages with 59 National Active Germplasm Sites constitute the Indian Plant Genetic Resource Management System.

Mandate

To act as nodal institute at national level for acquisition and management of indigenous and exotic plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and to carry out related research and human resource development, for sustainable growth of agriculture.

Objectives of NBPGR

·          To plan, organize, conduct and coordinate exploration and collection of indigenous and exotic plant genetic resources.

·          To undertake introduction, exchange and quarantine of plant genetic resources.

·          To characterize, evaluate, document and conserve crop genetic resources and promote their use, in collaboration with other national organizations.

·          To develop information network on plant genetic resources.

·          To conduct research, undertake teaching and training, develop guidelines and create public awareness on plant genetic resources.

Regional station of NBPGR

Regional Station, Akola

The Regional Station was established at Akola in 1977 to cater to the needs of Plant Genetic Resources activities in central-peninsular India, especially Maharashtra, Goa, Daman and Diu and parts of Southern districts of Madhya Pradesh and parts of northern Karnataka. This region is a vast plateau comprising hilly tract of Satpura, Gawilgarh and Maikala ranges, plain cotton belt of erstwhile Berar, undulating Western Ghats and coastal regions (now referred to as Central Indian Region, Zone IX under NATP-PB). The experimental farm of 20 hactares is located in university campus. Amravati centre now is working as satellite centre of Akola station.

Regional Station, Bhowali

The Regional Station was initially established at Almora as an exploration base centre for germplasm collection activities in Kumaon and Garhwal hills. Mandate area of the regional station is now referred to at Central Himalayan Region, Zone V under NATP-PB). The centre was shifted to Bhowali in April 1986 and designate NBPGR Regional Station when Wheat Research Station (of Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anushandhan Shala VPKAS) was merged with it. Earlier to shifting, this station has a long history. The Imperial Potato Research Station established in 1943, for potato seed multiplication and brown rot (Pseudomonas solanacearum) test was known as hot spot for the development of plant diseases. In 1956, with the commencement of wheat improvement scheme under PL-480, it was transferred to Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and name was changed as Wheat Research Station, Bhowali. In 1984 it was again transferred to VPKAS, till shifted NBPGR. Year of establishment: 1986

Exploration Base Center, Cuttack

This Base Centre was established in the campus of Central Rice Research Institute with the objective of exploration and collection of indigenous crops from Orissa, West Bengal and adjoining areas in parts of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh (now referred to as Humid/Moist Tropical East Coastal Region, Zone III under NATP-PB). Climatically, the area is sub-humid to humid in eastern and south-eastern plains. Northern plateau is an extension of Chhotanagpur plateau and spreads upto Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts and districts of Ganjam, Kalahandi, Phulbani and Koraput in the southern portion. The whole area is potential for collecting. Year of establishment: 1986

Regional Station, Hyderabad

This Regional Station was established initially as Plant Quarantine Station in ARI campus of Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University at Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to cater to the needs of Plant Quarantine clearance work particularly on five mandate crops of ICRISAT and paddy international trial material received from IRRI, Philippines meant for research organizations in south India. A modest beginning was made in 1977, by taking possession of 16 acres of land that was provided by the University. Central Plant Protection and Trainging Institute in collaboration with Directorate of Rice Research was authorized to take up the plant quarantine clearance work until the establishment of PQRS of NBPGR in 1985.

Regional Station, Jodhpur

This Regional Station was established in 1965 as a sub-station of erstwhile Plant Introduction Division of Indian Agricultural Research Institute in the campus of Central Arid Zone Research Institute at Jodhpur, Rajasthan (now referred to as Arid Region, Zone I under NATP-PB). The main task assigned was to acclimatize the genetic resources of tropical plants procured from abroad on a systematic basis and to collect the indigenous germplasm suited to arid/semi-arid conditions. With the creation of NBPGR in 1976, the substation was transferred to it. It has a farm area of about 6 ha with irrigation facility. The station is entrusted with the responsibility to carry out Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) activities in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and adjoining areas in Haryana.

Regional Station, Shillong

This Regional Station was established in 1978 as the northeastern region of India at Shillong, Meghalaya representing the humid, subtropical to sub temperate ecology and climate. It is surrounded by Tibet, China in the north, Bangladesh in southwest, Myanmar in the east and Bhutan and Nepal in the north-west. The jurisdiction of this station for collection activities encompass all the eight states, namely, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram (now referred to as Northeastern Region, Zone IV under NATP-PB). The station was under the administrative control of ICAR Research complex for NEH region for some period (Feburary 1983 to September 1985). Since 1986 it is again under administrative control of NBPGR. The office cum laboratory building and experimental farm at Umiam (1000m altitude) in district Ribohi are situated 20kms away from Shillong City.

Exploration Base Center, Ranchi

This Base centre was established in 1988 to carry out systematic exploration for germplasm collection in the states of Bihar, parts of Jharkhand and adjoining areas in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (now referred to as Sub-tropical/sub-humid Region, Zone V under NATP-PB). The tribal belt of Chhotanagpur and adjoining region is a potential area for germplasm collection. It is fast developing as a centre for evaluation and maintenance of germplasm of tropical fruits and other field crops suited to the region.

Regional Station, Shimla

This Regional Station was established as Plant Introduction Station under Botany Division of IARI in 1960. Since 1976, it came under the control of NBPGR. Apart from the office building and laboratories, it has 7 hectares of farmland. The station has the major responsibility for the conservation and management of plant genetic resources of western Himalayas comprising Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir (now referred to as Northwest sub-Himalayan and high attitude Himalayan Region, Zone VI under NATP-PB). A field genebank of temperate fruits and newly introduced fruit plants, and largest germplasm collection of french bean, amaranth, buckwheat is being maintained at the station. The station has also a facility of medium-term storage for conserving orthodox seeds where seeds can be stored up 12-15 years without losing viability. This station also acts as National Active Germplasm Site (NAGs) for amaranth, french bean, buckwheat and temperate fruits. It has strong linkages with State Agriculture Universities of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir as well as Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla.

Regional Station, Srinagar

This Regional Station was established in 1988 to carry out systematic exploration for germplasm collection in Jammu and Kashmir. This area has a potential for the collection of temperate fruits, vegetables, rice, millets, medicinal and aromatic plants and temperate tribal food.

NBPGR Regional Station, Thrissur, Kerala

This station was established in 1977 in the Kerala Agricultural University campus near Pineapple Research Station on the Mannuthy-Chirakkakode road with a farm area of 10.4 ha. Thrissur is well connected by road, rail and air. Nearest airport is Kochi International Airport at Nedumbassery (60 km). The area of jurisdiction for exploration and collection by the station is southern India comprising Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Goa and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

GENERAL ACCONT OF IMPORTANT INSTITTIONS -Botanical Survey of India FOR msc

  GENERAL ACCONT OF IMPORTANT INSTITTIONS

     Botanical Survey of India

Botanical Survey of India (BSI) was established in 1890 with the basic objectives of carrying out floristic surveys of the Indian empire. It was reviewed and reorganised in 1954. During the successive plan periods its functions have been gradually expanded. After reorganisation and establishment of 10 different regional centres throughout the country, the aims and objectives of the Survey were redefined in 1976 with a view to encourage taxonomic research and to accelerate the scientific expertise for the preparation of a comprehensive flora of the country. The objectives and perspectives of BSI were thoroughly reviewed in 2002 by the subcommittee constituted by Programme Advisory Committee for BSI & ZSI. Activities like survey and exploration of plant resources, listing of endangered species, publication of national flora, preparation of national Data Bank on herbarium and live collection, plant distribution and nomenclature were strengthened.

History

The British East India Company had established botanical gardens at Sibpur, Poona, Saharanpur and Madras as centres for improving botanical knowledge and experimentation under the local Governments. For example, the Saharanpur botanical garden, which dates from before 1750, was acquired by the East India Company in 1817 for growing medicinal plants. Most of the EIC botanical gardens' work was for the cultivation of plants of interest in commerce and trade.

The Botanical Survey was formally instituted on February 13, 1890 under the direction of Sir George King, who had been superintendent of Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta since 1871. King became the first ex-officio Director of BSI. The Calcutta Garden became the headquarters of the Survey and was given regional responsibility for Bengal, Assam, North East, Burma, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Objective

The prime objectives of the Survey were:

·             To undertake intensive floristic surveys and collect accurate and detailed information on the occurrence, distribution, ecology and economic utility of plants in the country.

·             To collect, identify and distribute materials which may be of use to educational and research institutions and,

·             To act as custodian of authentic collections in well planned herbaria and to document the plant resources in the form of local, District, State and National Flora.

Research Center/ Circle

To cope up with this enormous task assigned to the Survey, the following 4 circles were established after independence, in different Botanical regions to cover the vast stretches of the country :

1.         Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle at Coimbatore on 10th October 1955.

2.         Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Circle at Shillong on 1st April 1956.

3.         Botanical Survey of India, Western Circle at Pune on 12th December 1955.

4.         Botanical Survey of India, Northern Circle at Dehra Dun on 1st August 1956.

Simultaneously, a Central Botanical Laboratory at Lucknow was established in December, 1957 for studying the various aspects of plant biology like – cytology, plant physiology, plant chemistry, seed biology, ecology, etc.- in order to provide multidisciplinary approach to conventional taxonomy.

During the same year (1957), the Herbarium belonging to “Royal Botanic Garden”, Calcutta, which was renamed as the “Indian Botanic Garden” in 1950, was transferred to Botanical Survey of India and soon this herbarium shot into fame as the “Central National Herbarium” (CAL).

In order to further strengthen the Survey for carrying out its assigned mandate more effectively and expeditiously, a number of new Circles in different phytogeographical regions were opened as follows:-

5.         Botanical Survey of India, Central Circle at Allahabad in 1962

6.         Botanical Survey of India, Arid Zone Circle at Jodhpur in 1972

7.         Botanical Survey of India, Andaman & Nicobar Circle at Port Blair in 1972

8.         Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Circle at Itanagar in 1977

9.         Botanical Survey of India, Sikkim Himalayan Circle at Gangtok in 1979

10.     Botanic Garden of Indian Republic at Noida in 2002

11.     Botanical Survey of India, Deccan Circle at Hyderabad in 2005

Mandate

During the successive five year plan periods, the functions of Botanical Survey of India were further diversified to include various new areas such as assessment and inventorisation of endemic, rare and threatened plant species; evolving conservation strategies; studies on fragile ecosystems and protected areas like Sanctuaries, National Parks and Biosphere Reserves; monitoring of changes in floristic components; ex-situ conservation, multiplication and maintenance of germplasm of plant genetic resources, endemic and threatened species, wild ornamentals, etc.; ethnobotanical and geobotanical studies and the development of National Database on Herbarium (including Type specimens) live collections, plant genetic resources, plant distribution and nomenclature. The aims and objective of the department were redefined, reviewed during the year 1987 and survey and exploration of plant resources and inventorisation of threatened species, publication of National and State Floras and development of National database were given top priority.

After the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity by the Govt. of India in February, 1994 a greater role for Botanical Survey of India was envisaged, particularly with reference to the article – 7, 8, 12, 16 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Following which the objectives and strategies of the Botanical Survey of India were further diversified.

Following are the main functions of Botanical Survey of India:

    Primary Functions

·             Exploration, inventorisation and documentation of phytodiversity (including non-flowering plants) in general and protected areas, hotspots, fragile ecosystems, wetlands, sacred groves in particular; publication of National, State and District Floras.

·             Identification of Red list species and species rich areas needing conservation; ex-situ conservation of critically threatened taxa in the Botanical Gardens.

·             Survey and documentation of traditional knowledge (ethnobotany) associated with plants

·             Develop a national database of Indian plants including herbarium specimens, live specimens, Botanical paintings /illustrations etc.

    Secondary Functions

·             Revisionary/Monographic studies on selected plant groups.

·             Qualitative analysis of nutritive value of ethno-food plants and other economically useful species.

·             Capacity building in plant taxonomy through refresher courses and post M.Sc. certificate course.

·             Environmental Impact Assessment of areas assigned to BSI for study.

·             Develop and maintain Botanical Gardens, Musea and Herbaria.

·             Preparation of Seed, Pollen and Spore Atlas of Indian Plants.

·             Recently, the Survey has also extended its activities to Antarctica from 16th expedition (1996 – 97) onwards for the study of Bryophytes, Fungi and Algae (except the blue-green).

REET MCQ

*शिक्षा मनोविज्ञान*
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*15 मनोविज्ञान किससे अलग हुआ*
1 मनोशास्त्र से✅
2 भौतिक शास्त्र से
3 रासायनिक शास्त्र से
4 विज्ञान से